Neom, a bombastic collection of futuristic cities and resorts, has flopped as Saudi oil prices roll back reality. The Saudi plan of hosting the 2029 Asian games to be held at Trojena, a ski report in the desert, has been cancelled.

The 2029 Asian Winter Games were supposed to be Saudi Arabia’s big moment for tourism and Vision 2030, hosted at Trojena, the ambitious mountain ski resort being built inside the $500 billion Neom megaproject in the northwest desert. It would have been the first winter sporting event ever held in an Arab-speaking country, a remarkable geopolitical flex for a nation with essentially no winter sports tradition and barely any snow. (Read here about Snowmax and the dangers of artificial snow).

The Olympic Council of Asia announced the games would be postponed last month, and within days announced they would instead move to Almaty, Kazakhstan. Al Arabiya Gulf News gave no reason for the change, but the context is hard to ignore.

With oil prices down, Saudi Arabia is in fiscal trouble, and oil is the core of the problem. The kingdom’s budget deficit widened in the fourth quarter of 2025 to its highest level in five years, as lower oil prices squeezed government finances, according to Arab News.

Saudi Arabia needs crude at around $91 a barrel to balance its budget, but prices have been stuck in the low $60s for months Securities Finance Times, a gap of nearly 30% between the dream and reality.

That gap is starting to show in the kingdom’s grand ambitions of building The Mile, a 15-minute city on the Red Sea.

Saudi officials have signaled a pivot to “wiser” spending, and the government has made clear it will not hesitate to walk away from costly projects that no longer fit its priorities.

Trojena, which was already facing significant construction delays and had missed its original 2026 completion target, appears to be one casualty of that reckoning along with The Line.

Saudi officials have been quietly reviewing some of the biggest Vision 2030 projects and though they are not canceling them outright, they are stretching timelines and trimming scope.

Almaty, by contrast mades sense. Kazakhstan previously hosted the 2011 Asian Winter Games and the 2017 Winter Universiade, so the infrastructure is already there.

For Saudi Arabia, losing the games is more than a sporting embarrassment. It’s a signal that Vision 2030’s most spectacular promises: a ski resort in the desert, a linear city in the wilderness, a new Las Vegas on the Red Sea were always contingent on oil staying expensive. And one by one, reality is doing the editing that ambition refused to do. If Americans pull through on fusion (see Xcimer), OPEC oil will be over.

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Saudi Arabia, a nation better known for its oil wealth, is rapidly reinventing itself as a marine sustainability player. Positioned between the ecologically sensitive Red Sea and the economically strategic Arabian Gulf, the Kingdom now has its sights set on becoming a global hub for blue economy innovation.

As part of this shift, Jeddah will host the Ocean Action Forum on October 27–28, 2025, at the Jeddah Hilton, gathering policymakers, scientists, investors, infrastructure developers, marine engineers, and climate strategists. The event promises not just high-level discussion but a new governance model for ocean-positive development in the Gulf.

According to the official agenda, the forum is designed to “shed light on key industry trends and issues, foster strategic partnerships, and explore cutting-edge solutions to safeguard marine ecosystems.”

Under Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia has made an unusual promise for a hydrocarbon nation: to restore coastal ecosystems, expand marine protected areas, scale mangrove forests, and build new “nature-compatible” infrastructure across its rapidly developing coastal cities.

In early 2025, the Kingdom took a symbolic global step by assuming the Secretariat of the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI), giving it a front-row seat in shaping global coral protection policy. This forum is the first major marine policy gathering since that appointment, making it a signal moment in the Kingdom’s environmental diplomacy.

Related: We’ve reach coral reef tipping point

A Closer Look at Day One

The event opens with remarks by Dr. Vienna Eleuteri of the Saudi Red Sea Authority, who will set the tone with a call for “long-term marine stewardship backed by measurable outcomes and inclusive governance.”

From there, discussions quickly move from policy to hard innovation:

• Marine Spatial Planning as Climate Defense
  How do you balance tourism, fishing, shipping lanes, and offshore development without collapsing delicate marine ecosystems? Experts from KAUST, Fujairah Research Centre, and Buro Happold will debate new zoning and monitoring tools.

• Turning Ports into Reefs
  In one of the most anticipated talks, Ocean Ecostructures CEO Ignasi Ferrer will present how AI, robotics, and bio-designed structures can convert concrete seawalls and breakwaters into living habitats, transforming industrial coastlines into biodiversity zones.

• Aquaculture Reimagined
  With global pressure on wild fisheries, KAUST’s Aquaculture Development Program will outline how precision aquaculture and filtration technologies could make farmed fish part of a regenerative, not extractive, ocean economy.

Mangroves, Microplastics and Machine Learning

Late-afternoon sessions focus on restoration at scale, including Saudi-led platforms like Netzero’s Mangrove Action initiative, which uses satellite monitoring and digital tracking tools to verify coastal restoration outcomes—a shift toward data accountability for nature projects.

There will also be a tech spotlight on microplastic-free aquaculture, with filtration innovators from TraCon GmbH showcasing Aqua BIO Kat, a new German-engineered system designed to reduce contamination and protect human health through clean water cycles.

From Coastal Luxury to Coastal Responsibility

Saudi Arabia’s massive Red Sea tourism projects—including NEOM, the Red Sea Global regenerative tourism initiative, and luxury island developments—have drawn both investment interest and ecological scrutiny. The Ocean Action Forum appears to be the Kingdom’s answer: framing development and marine restoration not as opposing forces, but as parts of a “regenerative coastal economy.”

The success of the event will depend on what happens after the panel lights turn off—whether restoration targets, monitoring systems, and local community roles become embedded in policy, not just PowerPoint slides.

But one thing is clear: Saudi Arabia is no longer observing the marine sustainability movement from the sidelines. It is positioning itself to lead it. The Ocean Action Forum 2025 at the Jeddah Hilton may well be the moment the region begins to define its own blueprint for marine resilience—not borrowed from Europe or island nations, but rooted in the realities of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf.

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Investors should require independent KPIs: energy intensity (kWh/m³) for desal plants, verifiable renewable MWh, biodiversity baselines, and public reporting aligned with GRI/SASB—rather than relying on glossy pledges.

Saudi Arabia is in the midst of a once-in-a-century transformation. Vision 2030 is pushing the Kingdom to diversify away from oil through massive investment in tourism, logistics, manufacturing, and technology—while developing renewable power and modernizing water infrastructure. For investors, the upside is real: multibillion-dollar project pipelines, incentives in special economic and industrial zones, and a government willing to co-invest. The risks are real too: execution delays on gigaprojects, policy uncertainty (e.g., the regional HQ mandate), and reputational scrutiny around sustainability and governance.

Tourism is Vision 2030’s marquee growth engine. Saudi Arabia surpassed 100 million visits in 2023 and is now targeting 150 million by 2030, according to UN Tourism and official statements. Can it be the new Bali or Phuket? The Government website notes that about 20 million tourists come to Mecca every year as holy Hajj pilgrims, however. So numbers don’t reflect traditional western style tourism.

In 2024 the Kingdom counted roughly 116 million domestic and inbound trips; in early 2025, authorities reported triple-digit growth in international arrivals off a relatively new base. On the ground, luxury coastal destinations led by Red Sea Global are opening in phases (e.g., St. Regis and Six Senses islands), positioned around net-zero energy claims, mangrove restoration, and stringent construction controls.

See on-the-ground Green Prophet reporting: Red Sea Islands: Luxury Tourism & Sustainability, Shebara Resort, Shebara pod hotel pricing, Sheybarah sea pods. The Financial Times frames the broader tourism pivot (>US$1 trillion ambition) and its contradictions (e.g., alcohol policy, social norms).

Industrial Parks, Special Economic Zones, and the HQ Mandate

Knowing that its oil days are limited, Saudi Arabia is courting manufacturers and service firms into MODON industrial cities and Special Economic Zones (SEZs) with land, infrastructure, and fiscal incentives. Explore MODON’s official resources: MODON portal, Industrial Cities list, Cost of Industry.

Regulatory leverage is also in play: since 2024, companies seeking Saudi government contracts must hold a regional headquarters in Riyadh. Reuters and policy trackers have covered the mandate and its enforcement. BNY Mellon, Goldman Sachs and others have obtained RHQ licenses as the King Abdullah Financial District gains tenants—yet analysts still flag competition from Dubai and the need for continued legal and regulatory clarity. Dubai or Riyadh? This source explains that in Saudi Arabia your business taxes will be about 20% and you will need to pay a 2.5% religious tax called zakat.

Despite progress, FDI inflows have been uneven: net FDI dipped in Q1 2025 and officials acknowledge the stretch target of US$100 billion annually by 2030.

NEOM: Visionary Scale Meets Delivery Reality

NEOM anchors the northwest “giga-project” slate: The Line (urban spine), Oxagon (industrial hub), Trojena (alpine resort), Sindalah (island), Jaumur marina community, plus a world-scale green hydrogen complex. Recent reporting also notes write-downs and re-phasing across giga-assets at PIF—important context for timelines and returns.

• NEOM is Saudi’s mega-green Gotham city
• “15-minute city” life critique
• Jaumur marina resort
• World’s largest green hydrogen plant at NEOM

Power, Water, and the Energy–Water Nexus (Why It Matters to Investors)

Saudi electricity is still dominated by oil and gas, but the renewables build-out accelerated in July 2025: ACWA Power, Badeel (PIF) and Aramco Power signed US$8.3 billion worth of PPAs across five solar and two wind projects (15 GW). Foreign-press and official releases confirm the scale and strategy.

Why this matters: water. The Kingdom is the world’s largest producer of desalinated water via SWCC; policy is shifting from thermal (MSF) to high-efficiency RO, reducing energy intensity and easing integration with solar. Official reports and technical papers outline the capacity and technology pivot.

Green Prophet coverage offers investor-friendly context on water modernization and finance: US$650M desalination modernization, Yanbu-4 clean-energy desal, Japanese RO tech at Shoaiba.

Successes Worth Noting

• Tourism delivery: Early Red Sea openings (LEED Platinum claims, 100% solar operations, mangrove planting) and steady AlUla programming point to credible, phased execution that can scale if flight capacity, visas, and service standards keep pace.
• Grid transition: Utility-scale renewables and fast-growing battery storage are now central to capacity planning; financing costs and Chinese supply chains have helped unlock low PPA prices.
• Mega-events and place-branding: Expo 2030 company (PIF) was stood up to deliver venues and operations—an important governance signal for schedule discipline.

Challenges and Friction Points

• Execution risk on gigaprojects: PIF’s 2024 annual report reflected an ~US$8 billion write-down across flagship projects, underlining re-sequencing and scope changes. Investors should model delays and phasing.
• FDI momentum vs. mandates: The regional HQ rule is working for some global banks and managers, yet overall FDI remains below 2030 ambitions. Expect continued incentive sweeteners—and compliance checks on local presence and spend.
• Social norms & market access: Policy changes—alcohol bans, content and attire rules, and due-process concerns—can affect Western consumer sentiment and partner risk committees. The FT analysis is a useful primer for brand and events teams.
• Higher taxes, at 20% and a mandatory religious tax called zakat of 2.5%.
• “Green PR” vs. measurable sustainability: Saudi spends heavily on global design and comms. Investors should require independent KPIs: energy intensity (kWh/m³) for desal plants, verifiable renewable MWh, biodiversity baselines, and public reporting aligned with GRI/SASB—rather than relying on glossy pledges. See Saudis killed and family jailed during The Line construction.

Due-Diligence Checklist for Investors

1. Water–energy math: For hotels, industrial tenants, and data centers, model electricity demand and indirect water footprint (power cooling + desal). Track the grid mix where your load interconnects.
2. Local-content & HQ policy: Budget for the RHQ requirement (governance, staffing, leases) to access government contracts.
3. Zone incentives vs. obligations: In MODON and SEZs, confirm land tenure, utility tariffs, import rules, arbitration venue, and exit mechanics.
4. Tourism demand realism: Separate Muslim pilgrimages to Mecca, VFR, and true international leisure segments when forecasting ADR/RevPAR in Red Sea or AlUla corridors.
5. ESG verification: Ask for third-party audits on energy, water, waste, and nature impacts; evaluate desal technology (RO vs. thermal) and brine handling. Current Middle East developers and investors, and compliant architects in the Middle East are easy to tout “eco-successes” when none in fact are in place. See our article on the Aga Khan Prize and the ever-present greenwashing in the Middle East.

Want to invest in the Middle East? Jump Into the Free Green Prophet Archive—Saudi & Regional Context

• Saudi Arabia’s $650M bet on desalination
• Saudi digitizes 100,000 trees
• Red Sea tourism & sustainability
• Shebara Resort profile
• Shebara pod pricing
• Sheybarah sea pods
• Yanbu-4 clean-energy desal
• Wild plant survey (NCVC)
• How degraded is the Saudi desert?
• Ibex Protected Area/Green List
• Maraya mirror hall, AlUla
• AlUla/Hegra visitor guide
• Glamping on dead volcanoes
• “Dream of the Desert” luxury train
• David Popa at Hegra
• Heatherwick Jeddah museum (ex-desal plant)
• NEOM overview (critique)
• NEOM “15-minute city” life
• NEOM Jaumur marina
• NEOM green hydrogen plant
• RedSea Farms scales in KSA
• RedSea hot-climate greenhouses
• RedSea expands to Egypt
• Aramco invests in RedSea Farms
• Saudi wins Expo 2030
• The Mukaab (“new Kaaba”)
• Shoiaba RO membranes

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The social dimension of environmental, social, and governance practices in Saudi Arabia’s real estate sector has gained unprecedented significance as the Kingdom advances toward its Vision 2030 objectives. Dar Al Arkan Real Estate Development Company ESG initiatives demonstrate how strategic community development can drive meaningful social impact while supporting national transformation goals through inclusive, culturally sensitive urban planning.

Community-Centered Development and Social Infrastructure

Dar Al Arkan’s approach to social responsibility extends beyond traditional real estate development to encompass comprehensive community building that addresses diverse social needs. The company’s flagship Shams Ar Riyadh development exemplifies this philosophy, creating a “city within a city” that integrates residential, commercial, and social infrastructure to support thriving communities.

This five-million-square-meter development includes essential social amenities such as schools, healthcare facilities, mosques, and recreational spaces, creating an environment where families can build lasting connections while accessing critical services. The integration of cultural and religious facilities demonstrates the company’s commitment to preserving Saudi cultural values while embracing modern urban living.

The social impact of such developments extends beyond immediate residents to influence broader community dynamics, creating spaces where traditional Saudi values intersect with contemporary lifestyle expectations. This balance reflects the sophisticated understanding of social responsibility that underpins effective ESG implementation.

Workforce Development and Gender Inclusion Excellence

The social pillar of Dar Al Arkan Real Estate Development Company ESG strategy encompasses significant commitment to workforce development and gender inclusion. More than 30 percent of the company’s employees are women, substantially exceeding industry averages and demonstrating tangible support for Saudi Arabia’s women’s empowerment initiatives under Vision 2030.

This commitment to gender diversity reflects broader social transformation goals within the Kingdom, where increasing female workforce participation represents a critical component of economic diversification and social progress. The company’s employment practices demonstrate how private sector companies can contribute to national social objectives while building more inclusive organizational cultures.

The company’s emphasis on developing human capital extends to supporting Saudi nationals’ career advancement, with over 43 percent of employees being Saudi nationals. This focus on local talent development contributes to the Kingdom’s goal of reducing dependence on foreign workers while creating meaningful career opportunities for Saudi citizens.

Affordable Housing and Social Access Programs

A cornerstone of Dar Al Arkan’s social responsibility framework involves addressing housing accessibility across different income levels. As Chairman Yousef Al Shelash stated during the World Economic Forum in Davos, “the vision is there not only to facilitate for the developers and for the foreign investors, but also to facilitate affordable housing for most of the Saudi citizens.”

This commitment to affordable housing aligns with Vision 2030’s goal of increasing Saudi homeownership rates from current levels to 70 percent by 2030. The company’s diversified development approach addresses multiple market segments, from luxury offerings to affordable housing initiatives that support government homeownership goals.

The social impact of expanded housing access extends beyond individual families to influence broader community stability and social cohesion. By creating opportunities for homeownership across different economic levels, Dar Al Arkan contributes to building more inclusive communities where diverse socioeconomic groups can thrive.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Community Identity

The preservation and celebration of Saudi cultural heritage represents a crucial aspect of Dar Al Arkan Real Estate Development Company ESG social initiatives. The company’s developments consistently integrate architectural elements and spatial arrangements that reflect Saudi cultural values while accommodating modern lifestyle preferences.

This cultural sensitivity is evident in projects like Buraidah Hills in Al-Qassim, which the company describes as “a residential community true to its Saudi roots.” By incorporating traditional design elements and cultural considerations into contemporary developments, Dar Al Arkan helps preserve cultural identity while supporting modernization goals.

The social value of cultural preservation extends beyond aesthetic considerations to encompass community identity and social cohesion. Developments that respect and celebrate local cultural heritage create stronger community bonds and contribute to social stability during periods of rapid change. The company’s approach to cultural integration reflects understanding that healthy communities require both modern conveniences and cultural continuity.

Stakeholder Engagement and Corporate Social Responsibility

Dar Al Arkan’s commitment to social responsibility encompasses active community engagement initiatives that foster social cohesion and civic participation. The company’s developments include communal spaces, recreational facilities, and cultural venues that encourage interaction and relationship-building among residents.

These spaces serve as platforms for social connection and community building, supporting the development of strong neighborhood networks that contribute to social stability and mutual support. The integration of parks, walking paths, and gathering spaces reflects understanding that healthy communities require opportunities for both formal and informal social interaction.

The company’s support of corporate social responsibility and its charity support program demonstrates commitment to being “a force for good in the development of the Kingdom.” This engagement with investors who value environmental, social, and governance metrics in their investment strategies positions Dar Al Arkan as a leader in responsible business practices.

Supporting National Social Transformation Goals

The alignment between Dar Al Arkan Real Estate Development Company ESG initiatives and Saudi Arabia’s broader social transformation goals demonstrates the company’s strategic contribution to national development. The Kingdom’s Vision 2030 emphasizes social progress through economic diversification, cultural preservation, and quality of life improvements—all areas where Dar Al Arkan’s developments make meaningful contributions.

The company’s approach to social responsibility extends to supporting government initiatives through partnerships and collaborative development projects. By working closely with government entities and aligning development strategies with national objectives, Dar Al Arkan amplifies the social impact of its projects while contributing to coordinated progress toward Vision 2030 goals.

As CEO Anand Raheja noted, “We are well positioned to support and contribute to Vision 2030’s objectives of diversifying the economy and increasing the Saudi home ownership rate. The real estate sector is a key element in delivering on Saudi’s aspirations and Dar Al Arkan is determined to play a leading role in helping to achieve these goals.”

Through its comprehensive approach to social responsibility, Dar Al Arkan demonstrates how real estate development can serve as a catalyst for positive social change, creating communities that support individual flourishing while contributing to national development goals.

The post Dar Al Arkan Real Estate Development Company ESG Initiatives Advance Saudi Social Transformation appeared first on Green Prophet.

Saudi Arabia until recently was hermetically sealed to the outside world. But times are changing and the Kingdom of Saud which once dwelled in mud palaces are opening up the oil-wealthy kingdom to tourists, archeologists, divers, hydroponics companies, and lately for seeds banks.

The National Center for Vegetation Cover Development and Combating Desertification (NCVC) has launched a project to catalog and analyze wild plants in Saudi Arabia with medicinal, aromatic, toxic, nutritional, and economic properties.

This initiative, in collaboration with the College of Pharmacy at King Saud University, aims to expand scientific knowledge of the Kingdom’s native plant species and provide research-based guides to support sustainable resource use and conservation. Such pharmacological data could lead to new discoveries in medicine.

The project will create detailed guides featuring scientific and geographical insights on wild plants with medicinal, aromatic, toxic, nutritional, and economic value. It will document key findings, map plant locations and characteristics, and benchmark them against the latest regional and global research. Additionally, the initiative includes the development of tailored media content and digital resources to raise awareness among all segments of society about the importance of native plants and their diverse applications.

This effort aligns with the NCVC’s mission and supports the goals of the Saudi Green Initiative and Vision 2030. It strengthens research partnerships among government agencies, academic institutions, and private sector stakeholders, fostering environmental and economic sustainability. By safeguarding the Kingdom’s plant resources, the project further underscores the NCVC’s role as a leading authority on vegetation cover and biodiversity conservation.

The NCVC remains committed to protecting and rehabilitating vegetation sites across Saudi Arabia, combating illegal logging, and managing rangelands, forests, and national parks. These efforts contribute to sustainable development and the preservation of the Kingdom’s natural heritage, in line with the objectives of the Saudi Green Initiative.

Here is a list of 10 unusual medicinal plants found in Saudi Arabia, along with their common names in Arabic and English, and their traditional uses:

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Starting operations in 2025, this train will offer scenic journeys across Saudi Arabia’s deserts from Riyadh to Qurayyat in 40 custom luxury cabins, embracing the growing trend of sustainable, slow travel.

In the realm of travel, speed often reigns supreme. From bullet trains hurtling across continents to supersonic flights whisking passengers across oceans, the modern traveler is accustomed to reaching their destination swiftly and efficiently. Trains are the most common way of getting around countries in Europe and between cities in India, but it isn’t so for more places in the world.

But as luxury standards change to sustainable and slow a new train is emerging from the sands of Saudi Arabia – a country renowned for its opulence and penchant for the extravagant – where plans are underway for a leisurely journey aboard the “Dream of the Desert,” the kingdom’s first luxury slow train experience.

Scheduled to start at the end of 2025, the Dream of the Desert is crafted in Italy by the prestigious hospitality company Arsenale Group, and commissioned by Saudi Arabia Railways (SAR), this 40 cabin train promises to traverse the kingdom’s awe-inspiring desert interior at a leisurely pace, offering passengers an unparalleled blend of comfort, luxury, and cultural immersion.

Spanning 800 miles of existing railway lines, the Dream of the Desert will embark on a journey from the capital city of Riyadh to Al Qurayyat in the northern province of Al Jawf, with stops along the way. The meticulously planned route, spanning one to two days, will encompass cultural gems such as Al Qassim, Hail, and Al Jouf, culminating near the border with Jordan, close to the King Salman bin Abdulaziz Nature Reserve.

Interestingly, the inception of the Dream of the Desert comes at a time when the global travel landscape is undergoing a paradigm shift. As the world emerges from the shadow of the Covid-19 pandemic, travelers are increasingly seeking meaningful and immersive experiences that are authentic.

Luxury train cruising, with its emphasis on unhurried exploration and indulgent hospitality, is poised to emerge as a prominent trend in post-pandemic travel, offering discerning travelers an opportunity to savor the journey as much as the destination.

With aspirations to attract 150 million visitors by the end of the decade, the kingdom has embarked on a flurry of initiatives aimed at showcasing its diverse landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and boundless hospitality.

From the ancient oasis city of AlUla, with its awe-inspiring sandstone monuments, to the pristine shores of the Red Sea coast and the futuristic allure of the Neom gigaproject, Saudi Arabia beckons travelers with a tapestry of experiences waiting to be unraveled.  Read more about Saudi Arabia and travel with: THE LINE, a linear 15-minute city that represents the future of urban living; Trojena, its year-round mountain destination and the first outdoor ski experience in the GCC region; and Oxagon, a floating port city.

Famous slow train journeys for travellers

1. The Orient Express:

Step aboard the Orient Express, and you’re instantly transported to a bygone era of glamour and intrigue. This legendary train has been synonymous with luxury travel since its inaugural journey from Paris to Istanbul in 1883. With its plush carriages, sumptuous interiors, and attentive service, the Orient Express epitomizes the golden age of rail travel.

Today, the Orient Express continues to captivate travelers with its meticulously curated itineraries through Europe’s most enchanting destinations. From the romance of Venice to the grandeur of Budapest, passengers can immerse themselves in the rich history and culture of the continent while indulging in gourmet cuisine and fine wines.

2. The Marrakesh Express:

Venture into the heart of Morocco aboard the Marrakesh Express, a train journey that embodies the vibrant spirit of North Africa. Departing from the bustling city of Marrakesh, this iconic train winds its way through the scenic landscapes of the Atlas Mountains, offering breathtaking views of rugged terrain and traditional Berber villages.

As the train meanders towards its destination, passengers are treated to a sensory feast of sights, sounds, and flavors. From the bustling souks of Marrakesh to the serene beauty of the Moroccan countryside, each moment aboard the Marrakesh Express is an exploration of the country’s rich cultural heritage and natural beauty.

3. The Trans-Siberian Railway:

Spanning over 9,000 kilometers across Russia, the Trans-Siberian Railway is the ultimate rail adventure, offering a journey through the vast expanse of Siberia and beyond. From the bustling streets of Moscow to the remote wilderness of Siberia, this epic train journey traverses diverse landscapes, including dense forests, sweeping plains, and majestic mountains.

Passengers aboard the Trans-Siberian Railway can immerse themselves in the rich history and culture of Russia while enjoying the comfort and luxury of the train’s cabins. Whether savoring traditional Russian cuisine in the dining car or gazing at the endless horizon from the comfort of their compartment, travelers are bound to be enchanted by the beauty and grandeur of this iconic railway.

4. The Blue Train (South Africa):

In South Africa, the Blue Train is synonymous with elegance, luxury, and unparalleled hospitality. Journeying between Pretoria and Cape Town, this iconic train offers a glamorous way to explore the stunning landscapes and vibrant culture of the country.

With its opulent furnishings, gourmet cuisine, and attentive service, the Blue Train promises an unforgettable experience from start to finish. Whether sipping champagne in the lounge car or marveling at the rugged beauty of the South African countryside, passengers aboard the Blue Train are treated to a journey of a lifetime.

5. The Glacier Express (Switzerland):

For travelers seeking a scenic escape, the Glacier Express offers a breathtaking journey through the Swiss Alps. Connecting Zermatt with St. Moritz, this iconic train winds its way through snow-capped peaks, lush valleys, and picturesque villages, offering panoramic views of Switzerland’s most stunning landscapes.

As the train makes its leisurely journey through the heart of the Alps, passengers can relax in the comfort of their seats and soak in the beauty of their surroundings. From the iconic Matterhorn to the majestic Rhine Gorge, every moment aboard the Glacier Express is a celebration of Switzerland’s natural beauty and alpine charm.

6. The Royal Scotsman (Scotland):

Step aboard the Royal Scotsman, and you’re transported to a world of luxury and refinement amidst the breathtaking landscapes of Scotland. This boutique train offers an intimate and exclusive way to explore the country’s rich cultural heritage, from historic castles to whisky distilleries and scenic landmarks.

With its elegant furnishings, gourmet dining, and personalized service, the Royal Scotsman promises an unforgettable journey through the heart of Scotland. Whether enjoying a traditional Scottish ceilidh or savoring a dram of single malt whisky, passengers aboard the Royal Scotsman are treated to a truly immersive experience that captures the essence of Scotland’s charm and hospitality.

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In a visionary nod to the past, architecture studio Snøhetta from Oslo, Norway has unveiled its design for the Royal Diriyah Opera House, set to grace the historic town of Diriyah on the outskirts of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Informed by the rich tapestry of traditional Najdi architecture (see the House of Saud), this ambitious project is poised to become a cultural landmark, contributing to the wider redevelopment masterplan of Diriyah. The ancient town, celebrated for its vernacular Najdi architecture characterized by mud-brick structures closely clustered to provide shade, will soon witness the emergence of a state-of-the-art opera house that seamlessly blends heritage with contemporary aspirations.

Scheduled for completion in 2028, the Royal Diriyah Opera House is envisioned as a distinguished venue capable of accommodating 3,500 visitors. The architectural marvel will house a 2,000-seat opera theater, two 450-seat multipurpose theaters, and a 450-seat covered rooftop amphitheater, providing a dynamic stage for the aspirations of future generations of performers.

Snøhetta’s design draws inspiration not only from Najdi architecture but also from the nearby riverbeds of the Wadi Hanifah valley. The result is a cluster of buildings characterized by textured facades constructed from locally sourced materials, including palm, stone, and earth. The deliberate choice of these materials not only pays homage to the traditional elements of the region but also ensures a sustainable and contextually sensitive approach to the architectural narrative.

What is Najdi Architecture?

Najdi architecture is an approach from the central Arabian Gulf region that combines three main factors –– from the people who lived there over the years including Bedouin tribes. Some of the Bedouin tribes migrated to other parts of the region including Jordan, Sinai, and present-day Israel. Najdi is built in harmony with nature and 1) works in hot desert climates; 2) it provides privacy in residential buildings as Muslims guard their privacy (see mashrabiya), and 3) uses locally available materials such as mud brick, stone and wood.

Kjetil Trædal Thorsen, co-founder of Snøhetta, expressed the studio’s vision for the project, stating, “This project aims to connect the area’s rich history with contemporary culture, highlighting the importance and integrity of arts when building future communities.”

The design concept is rooted in the idea of the earth from riverbeds, cracked by the relentless sun, molded by wind and rain, and ultimately assuming new shapes as separate forms. The resulting cluster of buildings appears to rise organically from the ground, featuring open passages that invite exploration and engagement.

Beyond its primary function as an opera house, the Royal Diriyah Opera House is conceived as a multifaceted cultural complex. In addition to the performance theaters, the facility will include a cafe, retail spaces, public gardens, and shaded outdoor areas. This strategic integration of public spaces serves to enrich both cultural and recreational experiences, elevating the intrinsic value of the location.

As part of a broader initiative to revitalize Diriyah, and entice Westerners to Saudi Arabia for investment and tourism, the Royal Diriyah Opera House aligns with the town’s historical roots while charting a course for a vibrant and progressive future. Diriyah, with its distinctive Najdi architecture, has long been a testament to the ingenious use of mud-brick structures that define the character of the town. The redevelopment masterplan acknowledges this heritage, ensuring that the new opera house not only stands as a symbol of cultural advancement but also harmonizes with the surrounding environment.

Snøhetta’s approach to the Royal Diriyah Opera House mirrors its global portfolio of culturally significant projects. From an elliptical planetarium in France to a mass-timber museum extension with an oculus in the United States, the studio has consistently demonstrated a commitment to pushing the boundaries of architectural innovation while respecting the cultural and historical context of each location.

Najdi architecture, prevalent in the central region of Saudi Arabia, is characterized by its distinctive use of materials and design elements that are adapted to the arid climate and the cultural traditions of the area. Here are five notable examples of Najdi architecture in Saudi Arabia, showcasing the enduring beauty and functional brilliance of this regional style.

Examples of Najdi architecture

1. Diriyah Historic Area:

   

   The very location chosen for the Royal Diriyah Opera House is steeped in Najdi architecture. Diriyah’s historic area is a testament to the traditional Najdi style, featuring mud-brick structures closely clustered together. The use of these materials not only provides insulation against the harsh desert climate but also creates a charming aesthetic with narrow streets and shaded walkways.

2. Al Masmak Fortress:

   

   Located in the heart of Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia, Al Masmak Fortress stands as a prime example of Najdi military architecture. Constructed in the 19th century, the fortress is made of clay and mud-brick, with thick walls that reflect the defensive needs of the time. The distinctive Najdi style is evident in the fortress’s simplicity, showcasing the practical approach to architecture in the region.

3. Historical Jeddah:

   

   While Najdi architecture is most closely associated with the central region, its influence can be seen in other parts of Saudi Arabia as well. In Historical Jeddah, the old city bears witness to the integration of Najdi elements in the design of traditional coral houses. The use of intricate wooden detailing, shaded courtyards, and narrow alleys reflects the adaptability of Najdi architecture to different environments.

4. Ushaiger Heritage Village:

   

   Ushaiger, a well-preserved heritage village in the Najd region, is a living testament to the enduring charm of Najdi architecture. The village features mud-brick houses with distinctive geometric patterns, creating a harmonious blend of form and function. The layout of Ushaiger follows the traditional Najdi style, emphasizing communal spaces and interconnected dwellings.

5. House of Saud:

   

   The House of Saud originated in the 18th century when Muhammad bin Saud, the emir of Diriyah, and the religious scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab formed an alliance. This collaboration, grounded in their shared commitment to Wahhabi Islam, marked the establishment of the first Saudi state.

The Royal Diriyah Opera House emerges as a beacon of cultural expression in an historic area, marrying the traditional nuances of Najdi architecture with the avant-garde vision of Snøhetta. As a testament to the evolving cultural landscape of Saudi Arabia, this architectural gem not only symbolizes a nod to the past but also paves the way for a harmonious coexistence of heritage and modernity in the heart of Diriyah.

Come 2028, the Royal Diriyah Opera House is poised to take center stage, inviting audiences to witness the seamless fusion of tradition and progress against the backdrop of Saudi Arabia’s rich cultural tapestry. Let ‘s home it is built with sustainable materials along with its vision.

Renders of the opera house by Binyan

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AlUla is the place and a special commission has been set up to make that happen. Some new research includes findings on desert kites and pendant shaped funerary highways. For archeologists, getting a gig in Saudi Arabia could be the hottest ticket in town. 

Archeologists are being flown in, hotels are being built, and historical tourism sites are being promoted and made accessible to westerners. Historically the only tourism that came to Saudi Arabia were business travellers or people coming in to offer English as a second language ESL classes. The times have changed. Although we like what’s happening at AlUla and would like to visit one day, we are less impressed by Neom projects that radically change the landscape (ski on fake snow?) and expel people already living there, like at The Line. 

Where is Alula?

Located 1,100km from Riyadh in north-west Saudi Arabia, AlUla is a place of extraordinary natural and human heritage. The vast area, covering 22,561km², includes a lush oasis valley, towering sandstone mountains and ancient cultural heritage sites dating back thousands of years.

The most well-known and recognised site in AlUla is Hegra, Saudi Arabia’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site. A 52-hectare ancient city, Hegra (Mada’in Salih) was the principal southern city of the Nabataean Kingdom and is comprised of nearly 100 well-preserved tombs with elaborate facades cut into sandstone outcrops. The people of Petra were also Nabateans, teaching the world many a useful thing like desert irrigation for crops.

Current research suggests Hegra was the most southern outpost of the Romans after conquering the Nabataeans in 106 CE.    

In addition to Hegra, AlUla is home to a series of fascinating historical and archaeological sites such as: an Old Town surrounded by an ancient oasis, Dadan, the capital of the Dadan and Lihyan Kingdoms, which is considered one of the most developed 1st-millennium BCE cities of the Arabian Peninsula; thousands of ancient rock art sites and inscriptions in Jabal Ikmah; and Hijaz Railway stations.

The region is home to vernacular architecture as well, with mud buildings in disrepair. And Maraya, a mirrored music hall is a stand out feature to this ancient desert setting. 

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