Turkey inaugurated the Marmaray undersea railway tunnel on Tuesday, linking Europe and Asia. It is the Marmaray, the world’s deepest immersed tube tunnel at 60.46 metres (198.4 ft).
An Ottoman sultan’s dream finally realized, the project has sparked criticism in part because it was built just 11 miles from one of the most seismically active earthquake zones on earth – the North Anatolian fault.
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan first conceived the Marmaray project, which includes an 8.5 mile Bosporus crossing, 39 miles of suburban train lines and a 47.4 mile high-capacity line between Gebze and Halkalı, during his tenure as Mayor of Istanbul.
It is just one of several major infrastructure projects he has initiated to bring the city up to speed with the rest of the western world, but critics claim that these “Pharaonic” ambitions destroy valuable green space and ruin the city’s former character.
Supporters and city officials say the $4 billion Marmaray project will reduce congestion and improve public transportation for at least some of Istanbul’s 16 million residents.
Construction of the tubular tunnel beneath the Bosporus Strait broke ground in 2004 and should have been completed in 2009, but a series of archaeological discoveries delayed the first phase’s inauguration by just over four years.
Erdoğan was impatient with these discoveries. “First (they said) there was archaeological stuff, then it was clay pots, then this, then that. Is any of this stuff more important than people?” Phys.org quoted him as saying in an earlier statement.
While the railway tunnel can transport as many as 75,000 passengers every hour in either direction, easing terrible traffic on existing bridges, its proximity to the North Anatolian fault is worrisome.
In 2007, Wired Magazine wrote about Eurasia’s equivalent of the San Andreas Fault.
“Since AD 342, it [the North Anatolian Fault] has seen more than a dozen huge quakes that each claimed more than 10,000 lives,” they reported. “Two in 1999 together killed 18,000 people. Worse, over the last century the tremors have marched steadily west, toward Istanbul and the strait.”
While Wired detailed a variety of measures that have been taken to ensure that the tunnel can withstand a massive earthquake, local city planners and architects are far from confident that they are sufficient or that the project was ready to be inaugurated.
“It would be murder to open it under these conditions,” Suleyman Solmaz, a senior figure at the Chamber of Architects and Engineers, told the New York Times. He also that “a project engineer told him he would not dare ride through the tunnel until those issues were addressed.”
Despite these concerns, the transport minister, Binali Yildirim, insists that the tunnel is designed to withstand a magnitude 9 earthquake, and that – in such an event – it will be the “safest place in Istanbul.”
Top image of Istanbul tunnel under construction via Wikipedia
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I find the project innovative applause that it has been finished, however I am curious about the safety and security of this project now that it’s operational. I would like to see and hear more about the security of using the marmaray. Perhaps it’s one find piece of public transportation to the graveyard.
The picture you’ve presented displays the tunnel under Bosphorous for water supply to the Thracian (West) side of Istanbul, and has no relation at all with Marmaray but some 40 km North of it. This water tunnel is operated successfully by The State Directorate of Water Works since about 2 years now.
Thanks. We’ve updated the pic
Unfortunately, İstanbul is too crowded. People seem to think it’s streets are paved with gold – maybe they are but it’s impossible to see them due to the number of vehicles using them. Having lived for two years and (thankfully) worked on the same side of the Bosporus, I have personally experienced the traffic which clogs the bridges during the rush hour.
This tunnel is a long-awaited artery which will hopefully ease the commute for many residents. All such projects will have critics, as I’m sure the first tube tunnels driven under the Thames in London did in those days.
The only thing I can say to Mr Solmaz in reply to his promise not to use the tunnels until certain issues are addressed: “Thank you, I will be able to sit in your place while you tackle the traffic on the bridge. Have a safe journey!” 🙂