Octopuses recruit fish from the right “school” of thought to help them get food

Octopuses and fish have been caught on camera teaming up to hunt for prey. In a new study from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, researchers caught 13 instances of the cross-species collaboration over 120 hours of footage, showing a big blue octopus (Octopus cyanea) working with different fish species to capture meals.

Each of these scenes hinted at complex group dynamics, with different species adopting different roles. “The other fish provide several options, and then the octopus decides which one to take,” says animal-behaviour researcher and co-author Eduardo Sampaio who published his findings in Nature Ecology & Evolution. This comes on the heels of first-ever marine research that shows how coral reefs are eating laxatives and our blood pressure medication.

“There’s this element of shared leadership.”

In new footage, shown above, octopuses were seen punching ‘opportunistic’ fish, individuals that attached themselves to the hunting group but did not help them find food. There is evidence for getting rid of freeloading friends in nature. Don’t feel guilty if you too have to kick your friend off your couch.

The octopuses also seemed to adapt and respond to different situations.

In some groups, certain fish species — especially blacktip groupers (Epinephelus fasciatus) — were opportunistic, attaching themselves to the group without helping to find food. In some of these cases, octopuses would use their tentacles to ‘punch’ these opportunists in what seemed to be an attempt to punish them or get them to leave the group. Sampaio, pictured above, says that the team is interested in studying whether octopuses can recognize individual fish that have previously exhibited opportunistic behaviour.

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We’ve read reports that sunscreen can cause cancer (and that sunscreen doesn’t really work to prevent skin cancer), but yet –  doctors say you need sunscreen in the sun.

While the daily use of sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher is widely acknowledged as essential to skin cancer prevention, it is hurting the sea. The clincher is that you don’t need to swim for it to be damaging because it’s damaging the reefs through coastal sewage systems and runoff.

New research published in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology finds that a common chemical in sunscreen lotions and other cosmetic products poses an existential threat — even in miniscule concentrations — to the planet’s corals and coral reefs.

“The chemical, oxybenzone (benzophenone-3), is found in more than 3,500 sunscreen products worldwide. It pollutes coral reefs via swimmers who wear sunscreen or wastewater discharges from municipal sewage outfalls and coastal septic systems,” said Omri Bronstein from Tel Aviv University, one of the principal researchers.

The study was conducted by a team of marine scientists from Tel Aviv including the eminent Prof. Yossi Loya, from the Department of Zoology and the US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration.

Gets deadlier at the beach

A person spending the day at the beach might use between two to four ounces of sunblock if reapplied every two hours after swimming, towelling off, or sweating a significant amount. Multiply this by the number of swimmers in the water, and a serious risk to the environment emerges, the study authors report.

“Oxybenzone pollution predominantly occurs in swimming areas, but it also occurs on reefs 5 to 20 miles from the coastline as a result of submarine freshwater seeps that can be contaminated with sewage,” said Dr. Bronstein, who conducted exposure experiments on coral embryos at the Inter University Institute in Eilat together with Dr. Craig Downs of the Heretics Environmental Laboratories.

“The chemical is highly toxic to juvenile corals. We found four major forms of toxicity associated with exposure of baby corals to this chemical.”

Forms of toxicity include coral bleaching, a phenomenon associated with high sea-surface temperature events like El Niño — and with global mass mortalities of coral reefs. The researchers found oxybenzone made the corals more susceptible to this bleaching at lower temperatures, rendering them less resilient to climate change.

They also found that oxybenzone damaged the DNA of the corals, neutering their ability to reproduce and setting off a widespread decline in coral populations.

The study also pointed to oxybenzone as an “endocrine disruptor,” causing young coral to encase itself in its own skeleton, causing death. Lastly, the researchers saw evidence of gross deformities caused by oxybenzone — such as coral mouths that expand to five times their healthy, normal size.

It only takes one application

“We found the lowest concentration to see a toxicity effect was 62 parts per trillion — equivalent to a drop of water in six and a half Olympic-sized swimming pools,” said Dr. Bronstein.

The researchers found concentrations of oxybenzone in the US Virgin Islands to be 23 times higher than the minimum considered toxic to corals.

“Current concentrations of oxybenzone in these coral reef areas pose a significant ecological threat,” said Dr. Bronstein. “Although the use of sunscreen is recognized as important for protection from the harmful effects of sunlight, there are alternatives — including other chemical sunscreens, as well as wearing sun clothing on the beach and in the water.”

Here – we show you how to make your own non-toxic sunscreen from tea

Natural tea and beeswax sunscreen recipe

The researchers hope their study will draw awareness of the dangers posed by sunscreen to the marine environment and promote the alternative: use of sun-protective swimwear.

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